Nutritional Interventions to Stimulate Muscle Anabolism
905
57. Xu G, Kwon G, Cruz WS, et al. Metabolic regulation by leucine
76. Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, et al. Impact of aerobic
of translation initiation through the mTOR-signaling pathway
exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity
by pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 2001; 50: 353-60
and muscle oxidative capacity. Diabetes 2003; 52: 1888-96
77. Nair KS. Aging muscle. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 953-63
58. van Loon LJ. Amino acids as pharmaco-nutrients for the treat-
ment of type 2 diabetes. Immunol Endocr Metabol Agents
78. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Zhang XJ, et al. Amino
Med Chem 2007; 7: 39-48
acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young
and elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:
59. Biolo G, Tipton KD, Klein S, et al. An abundant supply of
E321-8
amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on
muscle protein. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: E122-9
79. Volpi E, Mittendorfer B, Rasmussen BB, et al. The response of
muscle protein anabolism to combined hyperaminoacidemia
60. Tipton KD, Ferrando AA, Phillips SM, et al. Postexercise net
and glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia is impaired in the elder-
protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered
ly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 4481-90
amino acids. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: E628-34
80. Volpi E, Mittendorfer B, Wolf SE, et al. Oral amino acids
61. Borsheim E, Tipton KD, Wolf SE, et al. Essential amino acids
stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly despite
and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. Am J
higher first-pass splanchnic extraction. Am J Physiol 1999;
Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283: E648-57
277: E513-20
62. Miller SL, Tipton KD, Chinkes DL, et al. Independent and
81. Volpi E, Sheffield-Moore M, Rasmussen BB, et al. Basal mus-
combined effects of amino acids and glucose after resistance
cle amino acid kinetics and protein synthesis in healthy young
exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 449-55
and older men. JAMA 2001; 286: 1206-12
63. Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL, et al. An oral essential
82. Hasten DL, Pak-Loduca J, Obert KA, et al. Resistance exercise
amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein
acutely increases MHC and mixed muscle protein synthesis
anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88:
rates in 78-84 and 23-32 yr olds. Am J Physiol Endocrinol
386-92
Metab 2000; 278: E620-6
64. Koopman R. Nutritional interventions to promote post-exercise
83. Rooyackers OE, Adey DB, Ades PA, et al. Effect of age on in
muscle protein synthesis [dissertation]. Maastricht: Maastricht
vivo rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis in human skeletal
University, 2006
muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 15364-9
65. Kimball SR. Regulation of global and specific mRNA transla-
84. Yarasheski KE, Welle S, Sreekumaran Nair K. Muscle protein
tion by amino acids. J Nutr 2002; 132: 883-6
synthesis in younger and older men. JAMA 2002; 287: 317-8
66. Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Regulation of global and specific
85. Tipton KD. Muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: influence
mRNA translation by oral administration of branched-chain
of exercise and nutrition. Can J Appl Physiol 2001; 26:
amino acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:
588-606
423-7
86. Lindle RS, Metter EJ, Lynch NA, et al. Age and gender compar-
67. Anthony JC, Anthony TG, Layman DK. Leucine supplementa-
isons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20-93 yr.
tion enhances skeletal muscle recovery in rats following exer-
J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1581-7
cise. J Nutr 1999; 129: 1102-6
87. Lynch NA, Metter EJ, Lindle RS, et al. Muscle quality I: age-
68. Anthony JC, Reiter AK, Anthony TG, et al. Orally administered
associated differences between arm and leg muscle groups. J
leucine enhances protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of diabet-
Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 188-94
ic rats in the absence of increases in 4E-BP1 or S6K1 phospho-
88. Trappe T, Williams R, Carrithers J, et al. Influence of age and
rylation. Diabetes 2002; 51: 928-36
resistance exercise on human skeletal muscle proteolysis: a
69. Bolster DR, Crozier SJ, Kimball SR, et al. AMP-activated
microdialysis approach. J Physiol 2004; 554: 803-13
protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal mus-
89. Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, et al. A high
cle through downregulated mTOR signaling. J Biol Chem
proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the
2002; 277: 23977-80
rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the
70. Bolster DR, Kubica N, Crozier SJ, et al. Immediate response of
elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291: E381-7
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signalling
90. Guillet C, Prod'homme M, Balage M, et al. Impaired anabolic
following acute resistance exercise in rat skeletal muscle. J
response of muscle protein synthesis is associated with S6K1
Physiol 2003; 553: 213-20
dysregulation in elderly humans. Faseb J 2004; 18: 1586-7
71. Farrell PA, Fedele MJ, Hernandez J, et al. Hypertrophy of
91. Hornsby PJ. Genes, hormones, and aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol
skeletal muscle in diabetic rats in response to chronic resis-
1991; 80: C175-80
tance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1075-82
92. Rattan SI. Synthesis, modifications, and turnover of proteins
72. Farrell PA, Hernandez JM, Fedele MJ, et al. Eukaryotic initia-
during aging. Exp Gerontol 1996; 31: 33-47
tion factors and protein synthesis after resistance exercise in
rats. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 1036-42
93. Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J, et al. Anabolic signaling
deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging mus-
73. Kubica N, Bolster DR, Farrell PA, et al. Resistance exercise
cle. Faseb J 2005; 19: 422-4
increases muscle protein synthesis and translation of eukaryot-
ic initiation factor 2Bepsilon mRNA in a mammalian target of
94. Boirie Y, Gachon P, Beaufrere B. Splanchnic and whole-body
rapamycin-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:
leucine kinetics in young and elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr
7570-80
1997; 65: 489-95
74. Eurostat. Yearbook on demography. 2000 ed. Brussels: Statisti-
95. Dangin M, Guillet C, Garcia-Rodenas C, et al. The rate of
cal Office of the European Communities, 2000
protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging
in humans. J Physiol 2003; 549: 635-44
75. Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, et al. Age and aerobic
exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein
96. Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, et al. Slow and fast dietary
metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:
proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion.
E92-101
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 14930-5
©
2007 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.
Sports Med 2007; 37 (10)
Study 